Shariah-based global trade Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Islamic economics Business ethics Economic justice

military expenditure economic growth exchange rate johansen cointegration granger causality

defense R&D investment national defense industry technological autonomy local content (TKDN) import substitution innovation ecosystem triple helix collaboration

policy implementation defense economy cyber defense national resilience

Structural transformation labor market dynamics reverse structural change employment composition economic vulnerability Afghanistan

Halal MSMEs Halal Certification Digital Marketing Creative Branding Community Service